mccollum



J. H. K. McCOL LUM. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED NOV-4; I909. I 1,310,667. Patented July 22,1919. 5; 55 )6 s SHEETS-SHEET I.

z .a/ a f a J. H. K. McCOLLUIVL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. I AIPPHCATION FILED NOV- 4.1909. 1 ,310,667. I Patented July 22, 1919.

' 3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

J. H. K. McCOLLUM.

INTERNAL comsusnom ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED NOV- 4. 1909 1 ,3 1 0,667. Patented July 22, 1919.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

UNITED STATES PATENT curren- JAMES HARRY KEIGHLY McCOLLUM, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA, ASSIG-NOR T0 -GEORGE H. GOODERHAM, JOHN WYCLIFFE LOWES FORSTER, AND THE ARGYLLS LIMITED, 015 ALEXANDRIA, SCOTLAND. I

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented July 22, 1919.

' Application filed November 4, 1909. Serial No. 526,255.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, JAMEs HARRY KEIGHLY MoCoLLUM, a subject of the King of Great Britain, and resident of the city of Toronto, county of York, Province of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in' Internal- Combustion Engines, of which the. following is a specification.

The invention relates to improvements in internal combustion engines, as described in the following specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings that form part of the same.

The invention consists essentially in the novel construction and arrangement of parts, whereby the ports through the cylinder wall are opened and closed to the inlet and exhaust and retained closed for a period during the movement of a valve operating with a substantially circular movement on' the surface of said cylinder.

The objects of the invention are to obtain a very rapid opening of the ports for the in-' gross and egress of the gases, to increase themaximum area of port openmg, to simplify the Valve mechanism, to minimize vibration, to protect the valve against undue expansion, and generally to devise a smooth running engine, particularly adapted for motor cars and launches, and which may be operated at a very great speed.

In the drawings, Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of an engine' constructed in accordance with my invention and showing the crank shaft in cross section.

Fig. 2 is a horizontal sectional View on the line a-b Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a perspective detail view of the valve and the gear for operating the same.

Fig. 4 is an enlarged perspective detail of the swivel block connection, connecting the valve gear and valve.

Fig. 5 is. a vertical sectional diagrammatic view of a portion of the cylinder and valve showing the position of the valve at the middle of the exhaust stroke of the engine piston.

Fig.6 is a. diagrammatic view similar to Fig. 5 showing the position of the valve at the middle of the suction stroke.

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view similar to Fig. 5 showing the position of the valve at the middle of the compression stroke.

Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic view similar to Fig. 5 showing the position of the valve at the middle of the firing stroke.

Fig. 9 is a vertical sectional view of a portion of a slightly modified form of cylinder and valve.

Fig. 10 is a horizontal sectional view on the line acg Fig. 9.

Fig. 11 isa vertical sectional view showing a further modification of the upper end of the cylinder.

Fig. l2is a vertical cross sectional view 7 of an engine showing the application of the cylinder 1 extending radially outward through the water jacket 2 and arranged just above the head of the piston when said piston is in the lowermost position.

a is a narrow passage or duct formed in the cylinder wall and leading from the bottom of the water jacket to the opening 5 at the bottom end of said cylinder.

6 is the crank case forming part of the base of the engine and secured to the lower 7 end of the cylinder 1 and formed with the pockets 7 at each side thereof. The pockets 7 extend longitudinally the full width of the cylinder and in a multi-cylinder engine,

form a continuous trough shaped pocket, running the full length of the base.

8 are bridges extending across the pockets 7 adjacent to each end thereof and formed with the journal bearings 9.

10' is a cylindrical casing encircling the lower portion of the water jacket 2 and forming an annular Valve chamber 11 around said water jacket.

12 are arched plates secured to the outer flanged edges of the pockets 7 and to the lower squared end of the casing 10.

13 is a recess formed in the inner Wall of the casing 10 and arranged centrally opposite the port 3 in the cylinder, said recess communicating with an exhaust pipe 14.

.The upper end of the casing 10 is flared outwardly forming a flange 15.

16 is a cap resting on the head of the cylininder 1 and rigidly secured thereto and having a downwardly extending cylindrical flange 17 meeting the outwardly flanged end 15 of the casing 10 and rigidly secured 21 is a cylindrical valve encircling the.

cylinder 1 and sliding in the valve chamber 11, said valve having the port openings 22 and 23 adjacent to the top thereof arranged in pairs with a blank space 24 equal to the width of each of said ports between each pair of said ports.

25 is a flange extending outwardly from the outer wall of the valve 21 and fitting snugly. against the inner wall of the cap 16. The flange 25 is formed with the recesses 26 and 27 arranged in pairs and communicating with the ports 22 and 23 respectively, the recesses 26 opening upwardly through the top side of said flange and forming communicating passages from-the ports 22 to the inlet 19 and the recesses 27 opening downwardly through the bottom side of said flange and forming Communicating passages from the ports 23 to the exhaust 20.

The ports 22 and 23 arearranged in pairs and each of said pairs is separated by a solid portion 27 which is the same width as the ports 2 in the cylinder and closes the said ports 2 during the travel of the valve when closing the exhaust and openin the inlet as described more fully hereina ter.

28 are packing rings arranged in the outer wall of the cylinder 1 above and below the ports 2 and Contacting with the inner wall of the valve 21.

29 is a port opening in the valve 21 arranged intermediate of its length and adapted to register with the port 3 in the side of the cylinder at the same time as the ports 23 register with the ports 2. thus the exhaust ports are simultaneously opened at the top and bottom end of the expansion chamber of the cylinder. The'use of the port 3 is not essential to the invention but is merely an auxiliary exhaust to allow the quick outflow of a portion of the gases of combustion at the end of the firing stroke of the piston. One port 3 and port 29 in the valve is shown but it must be understood that several port openings may be used if desired.

30 is a projection extending downwardly from the lower end of the valve at one side thereof and having a vertical slot 31 extending upwardly from the bottom edge thereof.

32 is a removable bracket having the side sections 33 formed with the upper and lower faced portions 34 adapted to fit snugly against the inner wall of the portion 30 of the valve 21, said side sections being connected together by the disk shaped portions 35 arranged between the outer faced portion 34.

The bracket 32 is rigidly secured to the valve 21 by the cap screws 36 extending through suitable orifices in said valve and threaded into the orifices 37 in said bracket.

38 are central circular orifices formed in thedisk shaped portions 35 of the bracket 32.

39 are slots cut through the inner side of the said disk shaped members, said slots being considerably narrower in' diameter than the orifices 38.

40 is a block having the circular pins 41 centrally arranged in the ends thereof and of slightly smaller diameter than the slots 39.

42 is a horizontally arranged journal bearing in the block 40.

he block 40 is pivotally secured at the top and bottom in the disk shaped portions 35 of the bracket 32, the pins 41 being inserted through the slots 39 into the orifices. The bushings 43 are then inserted from the ends, said bushings fitting snugly in the orifices 38 and having central orifices 44 forming journal bearings for the said pins 41.

It will thus be seen that the block 40 is pivotally supported on a vertical axis at the lower end of the valve 21.

45 is the main shaft of the engine journaled in suitable bearings in the base of the engine and connected to the piston 46 by the connecting rod 47.

48 are secondary crank. shafts journaled in the bearings 9 formed in the bridges 8 and extending from end to end of the cylinder, said shafts each having the cranks 49 arranged in parallel relation one to the other.

For a multi-cylinder engine, the shafts 48 are formed with corresponding pairs of cranks for each cylinder arranged in proper relation to each other to insure the proper operation. The secondary crank shafts 48 are operatively connected with the main shaft 45 in any suitable manner so as to operate in a two to one relation. The manner of connecting these secondary shafts is site side.

not illustrated herein as there are numerous ways for connecting the same commonly in use. r

50 is a link extendin between the pairs of secondary crank sha s 48 and journaled at the ends upon the cranks 49, its inner face being arranged to operate in close proximity to the outer face of the pivotal block 40.

51 is a pin secured to or forming part with the link 50 and arranged mid-way of the length of said link and extending into the journal bearing 42 in the pivotal block 40, said pin forming with the block 40 and bracket 32 an operating connection between the secondary shafts and the valve 21.

It will thus be seen that on the rotation of the secondary shafts, the'pin 51 will move in a circle'and being connected to the valve 21 imparts a similar motion to the said valve, sliding said valve with a combined reciprocatory .and substantially circular movement.

. 52 is a water circulation pipe connected to the water jacket at the head of the cylinder through the branch 53.

54 is a short pipe secured to the outer wall of the cylinder 1 and communicating at one end with the opening 5 at the lower end of the duct 4, said pipe 54 extending outwardly through the frame 12 and plugged atthe end.

55 is a water circulation pipe connected to the pipe 54 intermediate of its length by a branch 56. This arrangement of piping to the water jacket causes the water to circulate around the cylinder and in order to drain the water from the engine it is merely necessary to remove the plug from the outer end of the pipe 54.

In Figs. 9 and 10 I show a slight modification of the invention. In this form, the port openings in the head of the cylinder are arranged in two separate groups, the group 57 opening through one side of the cylinder and the group 58 opening through the oppo- 59 is the valve, in the form ofa plain sleeve snugly encircling the cylinder and having the group of ports 60 arranged to register with the ports 57 and the group of ports 61 arranged to register with the ports 58. The ports 60 are so arranged in relation to the ports 61 that the ports 57 are closed when the ports 58 are open.

62 is the outer casing surrounding the cyl inder and valve having the enlarged portions 63 arranged diametrically opposite one to the other and forming the inlet and exhaust chambers 64 and 65 communicating with the. ports60 and 61 in said valve respectively. The side walls of the casing 62 between the chambers 64 and 65 close in tion shown diagrammatically in Fig. 5 and the ports 23 in the valve 21 are directly opposite the ports 2 in the cylinder. The ports 2 are thus wide open and the gases of combustion flow freely through said ports and are directed downwardly into the lower portion of the chamber 18 and find their way out through the exhaust pipe 20.

The secondary crank shafts 48 continue their rotary movement in relation to the movement of the main shaft and it will be seen from the position of the cranks thereof as shown in Fig. 5 that the valve 21 is at mid-exhaust stroke being turned in a practically speaking horizontal direction.

As theports 23 move away from the ports 2, the solid portions 24 move across the said ports 2 to close them and the continued movement of the valve in a. substantially horizontal direction brings the ports 22 into connection with the ports 2, the said ports 22 and 2 opening communication with the inlet pipe 19 just at the completion of the exhaust stroke. The piston 46 then travels downwardly in its inlet or suction stroke and the position of the valve and the ports is shown in relation to the cranks of the secondary shaft in Fig. 6 when the said piston 46 is at its mid-stroke.

The continued movement of the cranks of the secondary shaft from the point shown in Fig. 6, moves the valve 21 in an upward direction, thereby completely closing off the ports 2 at the end of the suction stroke. The valve is maintained in its upper position with the main body portion thereof closing the ports 2 during the compression and firing strokes of the piston and is turned laterally to bring the ports 23 into substantially vertical alinement with the said ports 2*, so that the said ports 23 will, on the downward movement of the valve, open the ports 2 to the exhaust immediately following the completion of the said firing stroke.

The movement of the valve has been described as first substantially horizontal. then veitical, then return'horizontal, and finally return vertical but this description is merely for clearer illustration, as the valve being connected to the pin 51 moves with a sub stantially circular motion, consequently every port in the valve travels in an independent substantially circularpath and the said ports register with both the exhaust and inlet ports successively in the same half of their circular movement.

At the completion of the firing stroke, the piston uncovers the port 3 and as the valve 21 moves downwardly to open the port 2 to the exhaust, the port 29 in said valve opens the port 3 to the auxiliary exhaust.

It will be readily understood from this description that as the ports 2 extend completely around the cylinder, a very slight movement of the valve opens a very large area of port opening, consequently the opening of the ports for the ingress of the gases is very rapid. Further, at the point of opening the portsv to the inlet, the crank on the secondary shaft is moving downwardly or toward the base of the engine, consequently the motion of the said valve is very rapid and opens the ports very quickly. The crank having opened the ports, moves the valve in closing the ports very slowly .for a short period and then imparts the turning movement to the valve very rapidly so as to close the ports very quickly. This movement is applied at the proper time and in relation to the movement of the piston to give the best results. a

In the form shown in Figs. 9 and 10 the inlet and exhaust chambers are entirely separated the one, from the other and the port openings in the valve are so arranged that one portion of the peculiar circular movement of the valve opens the inlet ports at the beginning of the suction stroke, simultaneously closing the exhaust ports and maintains both the inlet and exhaust ports closed by the ports in said valve being moved out of the zone of the ports in the cylinder during the compression and firing strokes.

. In the modified construction shown in Fig. 11, 66 is a cap closing in the top of the cylinder 67, said cap having an inwardly projecting central portion 68 forming a water cooled head to said cylinder.

The outer wall of the inwardly projecting portion of the cylinder cap is arranged parallel with the inner wall of the cylinder and forms an annular recess 69.

. der ports so that a greater volume of the ready to enter the cylinder on the uncovering of the valve ports.v

expansile fluid will be close to the valve The valve is operated in precisely the same manner as the other forms herein described with theexception that the secondary shafts and other parts operating said valve will be arranged in the interior of the crank case.

From this description it will be readily understood that with an engine constructed as described a Very great speed may be attained, as the very rapid opening of the ports and the large area of port opening allows a perfect inlet and perfect exhaust and further, all the parts are operated with a rotary movement so that the vibration of numerous reciprocatory parts is obviated.

This invention also very greatly simplifies the general construction of the engine and elimlna'tes a number of small working parts.

Further, the arrangement of parts provides for the inclosure of all working parts so that they may be thoroughly lubricated and as the Valve encircles the outside of the cylinder it is kept perfectly cool and consequently not affected by undue expansion. The valve is shown surrounding the cylinder but it must be understood that the said valve may be operated within the cylinder if desired with-- out departing from the spirit of the invention and it must also be understood that many of the parts may be changed in their detail construction so long as the ingress and egress of the gases to and from the cylinder are controlled by a valve having a reciprocatory movement resulting from a substantially circular movement on the surface of the cylinder.

In Fig. 9, 72 is an annular ring extending inwardl from the head of the outer casing and engagin the outer face of the cylindrical valve. 73 are oil holes leading through the said head and communicating with the annular recess 74. The flange .2 uides the lubricant to the inner and outer faces of the valve, thus thoroughly lubricating the same.

If desired, the form of valve shown in Figs. 1 and 2 may be lubricated in the same manner.

In the application of this invention to a two cycle form of engine, Figs. 12 and 13, 75 is a cylinder having a water jacket 7 6 surrounding the upper end and head thereof. The outer wall 77 of the water jacket portion extends downwardly parallel with the lower end of the cylinder forming an annular chamber 78 around said cylinder below the water jacket.

79 is the crank case secured to the lower flanged end 80 of the wall 77 and communicating with the chamber 78.

81 are ports extending radially outward through the side wall of the cylinder adjacent to the head and arranged in a circumferential row.

82 are ports through the inner wall of the cylinder immediately below the lower end of the water jacket, arranged in a circumferential row and forming communicatin passages between the interior of the cy inder and annular chamber 78, said ports being arranged immediately above the innermost point of travel of the piston head.

83 is the piston operating in the cylinder and connected to the main shaft 84: by a connecting rod 85, said piston having packing rings arranged therein adjacent to the outer and inner ends.

86 are ports extending through the wall 77 and arranged in a circumferential row and communicating with the annular chamber 7 8 adjacent to the top of said chamber.

87 is an outer casing cylindrical in form and encircling the cylinder 75 and rorming an annular valve chamber 88 therearound, said casing having an inlet opening 89 arranged intermediate of its length and an exhaust opening 90 arranged above the ports 81.

91 is a cylindrical .valve having an annular raised portion 92 arranged about midway of its length, said annular raised portion fitting snugly against'the inner wall of the outer casing 87 and having the packing rings 93 arranged therein.

9 1 are ports through the valve 91, arranged in a circumferential row and adapted to register with the ports 81 in said cylinder.

95 are ports in the lower end of the valve 91 arranged in a circumferential row and adapted to register with the ports 86, said ports being so arranged that when the ports 94 are registering with the ports 81 in the cylinder that they will be out of register with the ports 86.

97 are packing rings arranged in the wall of the cylinder to each side of the ports 81.

98 are packing rings in the outer wall of the cylinder to each side of the ports 86.

The valve 91 is operated from the secondary shafts 99 journaled in the frame of the engine in the same manner as the valves hereinbefore described, with the exception that in the two cycle engine the said secondary shafts are operated in a one to one relation with the main shaft, that is to say, they operate synchronously.

To describe the operation of this form of engine, let it be understood that a charge of expansile fluid is compressed in the crank case. In Fig. 12 the piston is shown in its innermost position with the portsf82 open and the exhaust ports 81 also open. The compressed charge of fluid enters the cylinder through the circumferentially arranged ports 82 and drives the products of combustion out through the exhaust ports 81 to the upper portion of the annular valve chamber 88 and the exhaust 90. The valve 91 moves the ports 94 out of register with the ports 81 very quickly at about the period when the piston starts its outward movement and the said ports 94 are moved outwardly out of the zone of the exhaust ports, the packing rings bearing against the valve and preventing any escape of the gases being compressed.

The upward movement of the piston draws a vacuum in the crank case and as said piston approaches the limit of its upward movement the ports 95 in said valve are brought into register with the ports 86 and a fresh charge of the expansile fluid is drawn through the inlet 89 to the said crank case. 1 r

The movement of the valve at this point in the operation of the engine is laterally and the ports 86 are opened and closed very quickly, consequently the said ports are closed immediately following the start of the inward movement of the piston in its firing stroke.

As the ports 82 are closed by the piston the charge in the crank case is compressed and at the completion f the inward movement of said piston the compressed charge enters the cylinder through the ports 82 as previously described.

The path of the travel of the valve 91 is illustrated by the dotted circles shown in Fig. 13.

From this description it will be seen that a very efficient two cycle engine may be obtained as the valve may be given any desired lead in relation to the piston and through this means many of the difliculties met with in the use of the two cycle engine are obviated.

What I claim. as my invention is 1. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having suitable inlet and exhaust ports, a cylindrical valve separate from and coaxial with the piston, a pair of crank members operating in unison, a connecting .rod joining said crank members, and a pin member forming an operating connection between said valve and said connecting rod and adapted on rotation of said cranks to impart a substantially circular movement to said valve.

2. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having ports arranged in a circumferential row, a valve encircling said cylinder and having an annular flange extending therearound adjacent to the top thereof and a plurality of ports opening outwardly through said flange and arranged in pairs, one port of each pair opening upwardly nected with said piston for operating the .said valve with a combined reciprocatory and circular movement.

3. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having ports arranged in a circumferential row, a valve encircling said cylinder and having ports therein arranged in acircumferential row, and with their outlets directed upwardly and downwardly alternately, a cap secured to the head of said cylinder and encircling said valve and engaging the outer periphery of its outer end and having an inlet communicating with the ports opening upwardly and an exhaust communicating with the ports opening downwardly, a cylindrical outer casing secured to the lower-end of said cap and snugly encircling the outer wall of said valve, a base secured to the inner end of said cylinder and to the inner end of said cylindrical casing and completely inclosin said valve, a piston operating in said cy inder, a main shaft, and means operatively connected with said main shaft for operating said valve with a combined reciprocatory and circular movement.

4. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having a water jacket surrounding the upper end thereof and ports arranged in a circumferential row and extending radially outward through said water jacket, a casin encircling said cylinder and forming a va ve cham'ber around its outer wall, a cylindrical valve encircling said cylinder and slidably arranged in said valve chamber and having ports therein adapted to register with the ports in said cylinder, a iston operating in said cylinder, a main shafii, and means operatively connected with said main shaft for operating said valve with a combined reciprocatory and circular movement.

5. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having a water jacket surrounding its upper end and a duct leading from the bottom of said water jacket to the lower end of said cylinder and opening outwardly through the wall thereof and ports arranged in a circumferential row and extending radially outward through said water jacket, a

water supply pipe, a. pipe connected to the outlet from the duct leading from the lower end of said water jacket and to said water supply pipe and having a drain branch leading therefrom, a pipe leading from the head of the cylinder, a circulation pipe connected to the latter pipe, a cylindrical valve encircling said water jacket and having ports therein adapted to register with the ports in said cylinder, an outer casing having inlet and exhaust chambers communicating with the ports in said valve, a piston operating in said cylinder, and means operatively connected with said piston for operating said valve with a combined reciprocatory and circular movement.

6. In an internal combustion engine, a base, a cylinder secured to said base and having ports therein, a cylindrical valve operatively contacting with said cylinder and having ports therein adapted to. register with the ports in said cylinder, a pair of secondary crank shafts suitably journaled parallel to each other and at opposite sides of said cylinder andhaving their cranks arranged in parallel relation one to the other, a link connecting the cranks of said pair of secondary shafts and having a pin projecting therefrom mid-way of its length,

a block pivotally secured to said cylindrical valve and having a journal orifice therein into which the said pin extends, a piston, a main shaft, and means operatively connecting said main shaft and said secondary shafts.

7. In an internal combustion engine, a base, a cylinder secured to said base and having a port therein, a cylindrical valve op-' eratively contacting with said cylinder and having ports therein adapted to register with the port in said cylinder and a downwardly extending portion at one side of said valve, said downwardly extending portion having a vertical slot therein, a bracket fixedly secured to the downwardly extending portion of said valve and haying a pair of disk portions extending across the vertical slot in said valve, said disk portions having centrally arranged journal orifices therein, a block having a horizontal journal bearing therein and pins projecting from the top and bottom of said block, said pins being journaled in said disk portions, a piston operating in said cylinder, a main shaft, a pair of secondary crank shafts journaled in bearings at opposite sides of said cylinder and having cranks arranged in a parallel pair to one side of the cylinder, said cranks being operatively connected with said main shaft to turn one revolution to two of said main shaft, and a link connecting the pair of cranks of said secondary shaft and having a pin extending therefrom intermediate of its length and journaled in the journal bearing in said pivotal block.

8. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having a plurality of ports therein arranged in a circumferential row adjacent to the top and a port in the side Wall thereof arranged opposite the point of the innermost travel of the head of the piston, a piston operating in said cylinder, a main shaft operatively connected With said piston,

a cylindrical valve encircling said cylinder and having a plurality of ports therein adapted to register with the ports in said cylinder and a port adapted to register with the inner port of the side Wall of the cylinder simultaneously with the opening of the ports at the outer end of the cylinder to the exhaust, a casing supported from said cylinder and encircling said valve and-inclosing inlet and exhaust chambers, vand means operatively connected With said main shaft for imparting to said valve a combinedreciprocatory and circular movement.

9. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having exhaust ports at the top thereof and inlet,ports intermediate of its length and an annular chamber communicating with said inlet ports and ports leading outwardly from said annular chamber, a crank case communicating With said annular chamber, an outer casing encircling said cylinder and forming a valve chamber therearound and having an inlet opening arranged intermediate of its length and an exhaust opening ad acent to the top thereof,

a cylindrical valve having ports therein adapted to register. with the exhaust ports in said cylinder and ports adapted to register with the ports leading from said cylinder, and means operatively connected with said piston for imparting to said valve a substantially circular movement on the surface of said cylinder and to coincidently reciprocate said valve. 10. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports, a cylindrical valve co-axial with the cylinder, a link tangentially arranged with respect to said valve and pivotally connected thereto, and a crank and cooperating means for operating said link to impart to the valve a combined longitudinal and lateral movement.

v 11. In an internal combustion engine, a cylinder having inlet and exhaust ports, .a

4 cylindrical valve co-axial With the cylinder,

a pair of crank members arranged one at each side of the cylinder and operating in unison, a connecting rod joining said crank members, and means pivotally connecting said connecting rod with said valve to impart to said valve a combined longitudinal and lateral movement in a substantially circular path.

Signed at the city of Toronto, county of York, Province of Ontario, Canada, this 3rd day of November, 1909.-

JAMES HARRY KEIGHLY MGGOLLUM.

'Witnesses H. DENNISON, E. HERON. 

